] dialect of Hakka [ 
] is taken as the paragon.
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| b | p | m | f | v |
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| d | t | n | l | |
| z | c | |
s | |
| j | q | ngi | x | |
| g | k | ng | h | |
| Vowel or y |
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There are 18 intials with three extras in the Pinyin form because of three consonant-vowel (e.g. /zi/,/si/,/ci/, have the vowel ).
| Pinfa Transcription |
i | u | a | e | o | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA |  |
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Compare with a table of vowels.
| Pinfa Transcription |
n | m | ng | b | d | g |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | |
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| Traditional Categories |
Yin Ping |
Yang Ping |
Shang | Qu | Yin Ru |
Yang Ru |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Tone Contour | /44/ | /11/ | /31/ | /52/ | /1/ | /5/ |
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This page was first created on Sunday 1st August 1999,
and was recently updated on Sunday 8th August 1999.
You can email me on almost anything you find here.