Asian Studies - Tibet

Reflections on Tibet

Tibet Chic
Tibet Today
Present Situation in Tibet
Voice of Tibet
Tibet History Timeline

Formal Academic Engagements - Tibet

Tibet Chic: An Examination of The Social Construction of Tibet by the West
The Dalai Lama

Tibetan Buddhism: A Long Tradition a.k.a. Tibetan Buddhism is not just about the Dalai Lama

Tibetan Buddhism (An Introduction)
Bonpo
Nyingma
Kahdam
Kagyu
Sakya
Gelug
Geshe Degree

An Electronic List of References

Free the Panchen Lama.” International Campaign for Tibet: Free the Panchen Lama. International Campaign for Tibet. 29 Oct. 2002. <http://www.savetibet.org/PanchenLama/PanchenLamaMain.cfm>.
His Holiness Penor Rinpoche.” HKStar.com. HKStar.com. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://home.hkstar.com/~francish/penor.htm>.
Human Rights situation in China and the dialogue on human rights.” HRIC. 28 July 2000. Human Rights in China. 31 Oct. 2002. <http://iso.hrichina.org/iso/article.adp?/article_id=48&category_id=30>.
Introduction to the Five Principal Spiritual Traditions of Tibet.” The Government of Tibet in Exile. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://www.tibet.com/Buddhism/budintro.html>.
Tibetan Buddhism: Religion in Tibet.” Travelchinaguide.com. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/tibet/tibetan-buddhism.htm>.
Steven Seagal.” iqnaut.net. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://steven-seagal.iqnaut.net>.
Steven Seagal Speaks.” Shambala Sun Online. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://www.shambalasun.com/Archives/Features/1997/Nov.97/Seagal.htm>.
Take Action: Political Prisoners.” International Campaign for Tibet: Take Action: Political Prisoners. International Campaign for Tibet. 29 Oct. 2002. <http://www.savetibet.org/ Team/TeamList.cfm?c=26>.
The Action Lama.” World Tibet News. World Tibet News. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://www.tibet.dk/karmapa_trust/seagal.htm>.
The Bonpo’s Tradition.” The Government of Tibet in Exile. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://www.tibet.com/Buddhism/bon.html>.
The Gelug Tradition.” The Government of Tibet in Exile. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://www.tibet.com/Buddhism/gelug.html>.
The Geshe Degree.” The Government of Tibet in Exile. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://www.tibet.com/Buddhism/geshe.html>.
The Kagyu Tradition.” The Government of Tibet in Exile. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://www.tibet.com/Buddhism/kagyu.html>.
The Nyingma Tradition.” The Government of Tibet in Exile. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://www.tibet.com/Buddhism/nyingma.html>.
The Sakya Tradition.” The Government of Tibet in Exile. 20 Nov. 2005. <http://www.tibet.com/Buddhism/sakya.html>.
Tibet - The Issues.” International Campaign for Tibet: Tibet - The Issues. International Campaign for Tibet. 29 Oct. 2002. <http://www.savetibet.org/Tibet/TibetMain.cfm>.
Tibet - The Issues: Human Rights in Tibet.” International Campaign for Tibet: Tibet - The Issues: Human Rights in Tibet. International Campaign for Tibet. 29 Oct. 2002. <http://www.savetibet.org/Tibet/TibetList.cfm?c=74>.
Tibet - The Issues: Tibetan History, Politics and Legal Situation.” International Campaign for Tibet: Tibet - The Issues: Tibetan History, Politics and Legal Situation. International Campaign for Tibet. 29 Oct. 2002. <http://www.savetibet.org/Tibet/TibetList.cfm?c=22>.
Ellis, Eric. “Washington And Hollywood Share A Common Enemy.” Washington And Hollywood Share A Common Enemy Eric Ellis. 27 Feb. 1997. Financial Review. 22 Jan. 2003. <http://www.ericellis.com/uspolitics4.htm>.
Emerson, Tony, and Power, Carla. “With more than seven movies in the works on Tibet, the embattled land is Hollywood’s favorite theme and Trendiest cause.” Tibet Gets Chic. 14 May 1997. World Tibet Network News. 22 Jan. 2003. <http://www.tibet.ca/wtnarchive/1997/5/14_2.html>.
Forney, Matthew. “China Falls for Tibet Chic.TIMEasia.com: News -- China Falls for Tibet Chic. 21 Jan. 2001. Time Asia. 22 Jan. 2003. <http://www.time.com/time/ asia/magazine/2001/0129/china.tibet.html>
Gyatso, Tenzin “Human Rights and Universal Responsibility.” Human Rights and Universal Responsibility. 15 June 1993. The Government of Tibet in Exile. 29 Oct. 2002. <http://www.tibet.com/DL/vienna.html>.
Prothero, Stephen. “Tibetan Buddhism is hot in Hollywood, boffo in advertising, the cause of choice in rock ‘n’ roll.” Buddha Chic. 24 May 1997. World Tibet Network News. 22 Jan. 2003. <http://www.tibet.ca/wtnarchive/1997/5/29_1.html>
Sae-Saue, Jayson. “Orientalism.” Edward Said, “Orientalism.” 29 Nov. 2001. University of Colorado at Boulder. 02 Jan. 2003 <http://www.colorado.edu/English/engl2010mk/2said.html>.
Schwankert, Steven. “In The Grip of Tibet Chic.” Asiaweek.com. Asiaweek.com. 22 Jan. 2003.
Tsai, Joyce. “Pseudo Activist Chic.” Pseudo Activist Chic. Apr. 1998. Princeton University. 22 Jan. 2001. <http://www.princeton.edu/~progrev/97-98/apr98jt.html>.
Zuck, Jon. “Two Elegies for Tibet: Seven Years in Tibet and Kundun.” Two Elegies for Tibet: Seven Years in Tibet and Kundun. 1996. Homepage. 22 Jan. 2003. <http://www.frimmin.com/movies/tibet.html>.

TIBETAN PORTRAITS
COPYRIGHT © BY PHIL BORGES AT THE DIANNE FARRIS GALLERY - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Tibetan Portraits
Phil Borges: The Face of Pakistan exhibition, © 2002
Phil Borges Animist: The Spirit of Place, © 2000
Phil Borges Enduring Spirit, © 1996
“TRUE EAST” - Is Tibet Part of China?
[The counterpoint to Phil Borges]
COPYRIGHT © [http://www.tibetimages.co.uk/politics/politicspage1/politics1.html]
TIBET IN BLACK AND WHITE
IMAGES © 2003 MATTHEW T. KAPSTEIN
COPYRIGHT © 2003 SHELLEY AND DONALD RUBIN FOUNDATION
THE REAL TIBET
PROVIDED THROUGH THE KINDNESS OF JOHN ACKERLY OF THE
INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN FOR TIBET
IMAGES © 2003 JOHN ACKERLY
COPYRIGHT © 2003 INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN FOR TIBET

Potala Palace

Informal Sub-Section - Tibet

Virtual Tibet: Searching for Shangri-La from the Himalayas to Hollywood: In Virtual Tibet, Orville Schell demarcated the land persecuted by China and the Shangri-la of Western invention. Essentially Schell is concerned in presenting Hollywood's impact on our views of Tibet. Schell begins by unfolding a trip he made to Tibet as a consequence of perceptions based books like Heinrich Harrer's Seven Years in Tibet. The book closes with Schell visiting the set of a 1997 movie of Harrer's story, and pondering on its impact.
I could not agree more that Tibet could benefit from a more realistic representation. In Virtual Tibet, Schell does a wonderful job of tracing the multifaceted historical events that have tangled the indigenous population of Tibet with the Mongols and the Chinese. Schell tries unsuccessfully to solicit our sympathy for the Chinese occupation by indicating they have pumped over $4 billion into Tibet. Ironically, Orville that money has not to the benefit of the locals Tibetans but rather to line the pockets of the Chinese army and the Han Chinese invaders who have displaced and are ethnically cleansing Tibet.
Most of Virtual Tibet concentrates on a more elusive issue: the double bind of the Shangri-la invention by Westerners. My sense is that we will never really get rid of this invention because we are trying to fill a void which we never can fill. According to Schell, the enthrallment began with Marco Polo's. Schell offers an excellent sequential listing of succeeding works from Odorico de Pordenone in the 14th century, through several other Catholic Capuchin and Jesuit missionaries, ending with the first British intruders in the 18th century. Schell culminates his list with James Hilton's Lost Horizon, published in 1933, and Out of This World, the 1950 book by Lowell Thomas.
According to Schell, the Dalai Lama's straddles a curious divide "inaccessibility for accessibility and aloofness for involvement." However, ironically Tibet fell to China precisely because of this "inaccessibility and aloofness." This muddling of reality has done the Tibetan cause nothing but harm. There is the complication of Steven Seagal, the so called martial arts expert, actor, director, and producer has been proclaimed a tulku, a reincarnation of a high lama. Schell concludes that Seagal probably received it in exchange for a large contribution. It is this very muddling, I think, and Schell should have come out stronger that is preventing the Tibetans from gaining their much deserved independence and self-determination.
Conversely, the most intriguing issue Schell raises superficially is that "our fantasies of places on or off this earth generally reflect far more about ourselves ... than we perhaps care to know," and then stops there. It is clear that our Orientalism is really less to do about the reality of the inventions but more to do with what we aspire as a void we are trying to fill in ourselves and Schell skirts the issue, I feel he skirts the issue because the Dalai Lama and the Tibetans need these fantasies in order to keep the cause alive in the minds of westerners - mostly to seek sympathy form western sponsors - a tricky situation to be in. In closing, we should give up our fictitious view of Tibet and our insistence on Lhasa as the locus of mysticism. Instead, in its place should be the reality of Realpolitik and that rather than wishful thinking we should take concrete steps work for its freedom, less concerned with metaphysical but replaced by humanist considerations.
Demystifying Tibet : Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of the Snows by Lee Feigon: There is question that haunts most Tibet scholars (not to mention envious Buddhist adherents: Just what is it about Tibet that it lures such an amazing list of myths? There seems to be no other space on the planet so enveloped in myth, illusion, and fantasy. This unique myth-making occurred (occurs) not only in the West - through the dangerous distortions of its religious traditions (by Madame Blavatsky and Lobsang Rampa, the Irish plumber turned self-anointed Tibetan monk, among others - more on this in Donald Lopez's "Prisoners of Shangri-La) or more insidiously through utopianesque novels such as James Hilton's Lost Horizon. Moreover, we see the same distortions in modern China which has demonized Tibetan life and society prior to 1950 and then reversing themselves by while glorifying it ever since. The main thesis of Lee Feigon's "Demystification" is that Tibet is not part of China. Transcending all the mythmaking and using hard scholarship, Feigon reverts back to the Tang and Qing to confront head on the claims that Tibet is part of China. The presence of Princess Wencheng is proof positive the Tang dynasty China had to deal with Tibet on an equal basis - equal and separate.
One of the more interesting observations Feigon makes has to do with the consequences of the Shangri-La image Tibet has in the West: "Unfortunately this sympathy for Tibetans strengthened the world's view of them as the purveyors of a kind of humble goodness, symbolized by the image of peace and wisdom. Although this image is meant to glorify the Tibetans, it really obscures them. It perpetuates a stereotype of Asians who are either all good or all evil, never real people. It contrasts the evil Chinese against the good Tibetans and accomplishes almost the opposite of what it seeks to promote. Instead of treating the Tibetans as a separate people, it casts them again into the shadow of China." (p. 22)
"Demystifying Tibet" is an authoritative look at Tibetan civilization and history. In this book Feigon examines the global perspectives which have shaped our image of Tibet. Feigon is a professor of East Asian Studies, and complete with detailed footnotes - he brings to presence a contradictions of Shangri-La. I highly recommended this book as a basis for a college course.
A History of Modern Tibet
A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State by Melvyn Goldstein: Melvyn Goldstein's goal is not to prop up one side of the other in this debate; instead, he gives an account the past and the process that led to "the demise, in 1951, of the de facto independent Lamaist State." He posits that even though external actors gave rise to the fall of independent Tibet, in-house dynamics produced the state of affairs that enabled peripheral actors, mainly China, to succeed. Principal among the factors causative to Chinese military triumph was the fact that Tibet was not geared up for fighting. Tibet's religious leadership obstinately resisted the military transformation that might have enabled Tibet to resist Chinese domination. The point is now moot. This is played out in some length in its theatrical renditions in movies such as: Jean-Jacques Annaud's "Seven Years in Tibet" and Martin Scorsese's "Kundun" (both also available on Amazon.com). Truth be told, it was actually built-in to the Tibetan ontological framework of passivity and extreme isolation (somewhat self-imposed) that lead to its not being prepared for the Chinese onslaught. Through no fault of theirs events took the shape they did.
The book is broken up into two distinct parts - the opening part focusing on the 13th Dalai Lama and the period following his death and the next part dealing with the Taktra Regency (1941-1950) and the critical events of 1951. Goldstein sees the work as bridging: "two diametrically opposing views of Tibet's political status... The pro-Tibetan school argues that Tibet had been an independent state conquered by the Chinese Communists and was wrongly incorporated into the Chinese state. The pro-Chinese school sees Tibet as a traditional part of China which split from it as a consequence of British machinations after the fall of the Manchu dynasty, but which was rightly reunited with China in 1951" (xix). Goldstein, an anthropologist by schooling, does what he does best by submitting huge quantities of data, and suffers from the fact that he does not critically analyze the date in relation to the key issue of status. Status being what he himself brought on as his central thesis.
Goldstein's tale of political proceedings in Tibet during this, the twentieth century is by far more wide-ranging than any until that time, published; whether it is really more accurate or representative, or subject to politically expediency, is one of the questions brought up by his merely penning the book. He goes into great detail on what he refers to as the "serf" system in Tibet which is seen to be a misnomer by most Tibetans. On of the most disturbing issues relating to this massive missive is that Goldstein fails to mention the number of Tibetans in Tibet who suddenly died after having been "compelled to accept Chinese sovereignty" which has been projected to have been as much as 1.2 million (out of a population of around 6 million). This series of problematical events is also known by another expression, used by the International Commission of Jurists in 1960 in their denunciation of the Chinese actions in Tibet: "genocide." For more details on this and some of the other issues Goldstein may have missed, you can refer to "In Exile from the Land of Snows: The Definitive Account of the Dalai Lama and Tibet since the Chinese Conquest" by John F. Avedon (also available on Amazon.com).
I have to give Goldstein kudos though for placing complexity where there was none previously. This book shatters some of our closely held notions of Tibet as some form of Shangri-La. It may not have been his intent but Goldstein (as well as Avedon) clearly point out how betrayed or ignored Tibet was by Britain and America for geopolitical and selfish shortsighted reasons. The tome is an amazing look at the complexity and the range/extent of internal (for a lack of a better word) infighting that existed. Internal rivalries such as those between the monasteries resulting form their own internal infrastructure may have been one of the major causes and Goldstein makes an unwitting argument for internal sovereignty. The book is long and is meant for those who are interested (as no book this long will sustain a reader unless there is initial interest) but should always be critically examined and compared against other studies about Tibet. For Goldstein's lack of romanticizing of Tibet, I give him 5 stars.

Prisoners of Shangri-LA

Prisoners of Shangri-LA : Tibetan Buddhism and the West by Donald S. Lopez Jr.: Lopez is a genius and really gets at the heart of the Western construction of Tibet, the realities of the Panchen Lama and the Shugden affair really hit home that Tibet is real and for as long was we treat Tibet as the ideal Shangri-La, we deny Tibet any real space in history. Lopez writes, "To the extent that we continue to believe that Tibet prior to 1950 was a utopia, the Tibet of 1998 will be no place" (11). This book is a triumph in Tibetan studies and should be read, written, and discussed. Donald Lopez shows us that from within how to find some way to break free from the carceral community and perhaps "some may find a file with which to begin the slow work or sawing though the bars" (Lopez 13). Lopez writes, "This book does not set out to apportion praise and blame. Neither is its purpose to distinguish good Tibetology from bad, to separate fact from fiction, or the scholarly from the popular, but to show their confluence. The question considered is not how knowledge is tainted but how knowledge takes form. This book then is an exploration of some of the mirror-lined cultural labyrinths that have been created by Tibetans, Tibetophiles, and Tibetologists, labyrinths that the scholar may map but in which the scholar also must wander. We are captives of confines of our own making, we are all prisoners of Shangri-La. This book, then, is not written outside the walls of the prison, nor does it hold the key that would permit escape. Hidden in its pages, however, some may find a file with which to begin the slow work of sawing though the bars" (Lopez 13). This book, in my opinion, is one of the best books around on the social construction of Tibet. This book is effectively a history of the "Orientalist" creation of Tibet. Lopez give an account of a vast set of creations of Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism that pervade popular western culture. Tsering Shakya reads in Lopez's work that Tibet remained outside the scrutiny of post-colonial discourse because it was never really annexed by a western colonial power. My sense is that the remoteness and seemingly unprofitable conditions that was Tibet insulated it from colonial powers in the past - not anymore. But the extensive examination of the archive that Lopez undertakes undermines Shakya's reading of Lopez that it was never really annexed - maybe not physically but certainly was culturally. I have to agree with Lopez in that there are really two Tibets - the somewhat more authentic one and the one constructed by the West. In his extensive look at the archive, Lopez digs into a few very key aspects of Tibetan Buddhism that were not just appropriated but rather misappropriated to seem almost representative of the whole of Tibet. In Lopez's examination of the phenomenon of Lamaism, his deconstruction of T. Lobsang Rampa, his examination of the discourse of the Book of the Dead, and the uncritical appropriation of the mantra Om Mani Padme Hum we see how extensive the invention is of Tibet is in the West. The Dalai Lama himself is quick to point out that Lamaism (which really does not exist) is not a debasement of Buddhism but rather that the reverse is true. Tibetan Buddhists, perhaps more than any other sect, adhere strictly to the Sutras. Translated from the original Sanskrit, Tibetan text and the commentaries are perhaps the "purest" - if I might be allowed to use the phrase without overly romanticizing. Lopez continues by outlining what I would call his version epistemic violence that is within the framework of dualities: "Thus Lamaism may be portrayed in the West as the most authentic and most degenerate form of Buddhism, Tibetan monks may be portrayed as saintly or rapacious, Tibetan artists may be portrayed as inspired mystics and mindless automatons, Tibetan peasants may be portrayed as pristine or filthy. This language about Tibet not only creates knowledge about Tibet, in many ways creates Tibet, a Tibet that Tibetans in exile have come to appropriate and deploy in an effort to gain both standing in exile and independence for their country" (Lopez 10). The deconstruction of the T. Lobsang Rampa is very telling in that falsification is very difficult. Making all sorts of questionable claims - akin to the ones made by Madam Blavatsky of the Theosophical Society - very difficult to disprove (or even prove). The discourse of the Book of the Dead and its publication here in the west and it position as representative and preeminent status as "the book" (as Lopez likes to call it) is really proven to be the product of western academic fiction. The exoticizing of the mantra Oh Mani Padme Hum only proves that the Orientalist discourse of the self and other and the rendering "exotic" is alive and well. Lopez compels us to ask the question, "Who's Tibet"?
In Exile from the Land of Snows
In Exile from the Land of Snows: The Definitive Account of the Dalai Lama and Tibet Since the Chinese Conquest by John F. Avedon:
Books Like "In Exile from the Lands of Snows and Movies like "Seven Years in Tibet" and "Kundun" destroy the myth of Shangri-La while portraying Tibet as real through participation in the production and giving advice on the historical accuracy of both movies and book giving Tibet complexity. The myth of Shangri-La as laid out by James Hilton in "Lost Horizon", as far as the West is concerned, is as real as any Homeric myth can be. Westerners, mired in the irony of losing a fantasy, do not have to deal with real flesh and blood issues. Deconstructing by examining the power relations lifts the veil of fantasy and offers a more authentic discourse. Read this book with an open mind and be ready to discard old notions of myth, fantasy and construction. A resounding 5 stars!

Ethics for the New Millennium

Ethics for the New Millennium: His Holiness the Dalai Lama by Dalai Lama, Dalai Lama: According to His Holiness the Dalai Lama - Ethics for the New Millennium is not a spiritual book. However, what is clear is that his conclusions and recommendations come from a long history of Tibetan Mahayana Buddhism. Mahayana is one of the two main vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism. In this sense, his message is a universal rather than a personal one. In this book, His Holiness speaks to larger social and moral issues. "My aim has been to appeal for an approach to ethics based on universal rather religious principles (xiii)." The Dalai Lama has used this approach for this book because as far as his powers of observation tell him, humanity has turned their back on traditional religions (the classical mode for ethical considerations) but nonetheless seek happiness in a world gone out of control. Despite the book not being a drastic departure from any of his previous work, it does cover issue that he has not dealt with prior to this one - issues of bioethics and excessive materialism. In this book, he is open and comes across, as folk - just folk with everyday concerns and human needs - like his thoughts about his mundane attachment to his watch.
The whole book is written in a simple and almost conversational tone is clearly aimed at a large audience. A far cry from the more technical books such as Path to Bliss, The Art of Happiness, The Meaning of Life form a Buddhist Perspective and even Kindness, Clarity and Insight on religion and meditation and more in tune with his autobiographical pieces like Freedom in Exile and My Land and My People, this book shines as a testament to a man who truly love humanity. As a point of method, the almost step-by-step approach lends itself to a friendly guru, of which is perhaps one of the more visible of his many personae to the western world. What is really important to take away from this book is his use of Tibetan roots and his transforming then into everyday language - making the issues and possible solutions accessible to the ordinary (as in non-technical) reader.

Freedom in Exile

Freedom in Exile by Lama Dalai: Not long ago, the question was posed to His Holiness the Dalai Lama as to why he penned his autobiography -- Freedom in Exile. To this query he responded with: `I am human being who had quite a lot of sad situation, yet my mental health seems not bad. I think some people might find some idea [in my tale], some small contribution for inner peace, for happiness.' The story starts in a small village in the roof of the world at an altitude of 3 miles deep in Eastern Tibet... Lhamo Thondup was only 2 when the monks came to fetch him 1937. The search party waltz right into his peasant parents' farmhouse and things were never the same again. Lhamo Thondup was eventually taken away to Lhasa -- the fabled capital in the Land of the Snows. He was God - recognized through the a dozen omens - skeptics will always question - (a) the way the head of the recently deceased 13th Dalai Lama had turned in its coffin toward the east, (b) the direction of the boy's home, and (3) the vision of the child's very house seen in the lake of Lhamo Lhatso by a Reting Rinpoche. When the young Lhamo was escorted to the late 13th Dalai Lama's room at the summer palace in Norbulingka, the toddler allegedly motioned toward a little case and announced nonchalantly, `My teeth are in there.' To the amazement of the accompanying monks a set of the late 13th false teeth were contained therein.
The Dalai Lama told Newsweek, `Exile has made me tougher.' Moreover, according to his younger brother Tenzin Choegyal, exile has `enabled him [the Dalai Lama] to realize his full potential.' This achievement did have a price -- in the Potala, His Holiness the Dalai Lama was both secluded and isolated. If one positive thing has resulted from his having to depart Tibet, was that he was brought closer to the plight of his own people and the rest of the world. Tenzin Gyatso, now the 14th Dalai Lama was given the chance to see things as they really are. In `Freedom in Exile' the message becomes a universal one - one that transcends a locality and that is what makes this book so compelling and necessary. From being the most secluded leader of the modern world, the 14th Dalai Lama is now among the most traveled, most celebrated and best known. The humble figure in maroon robes has become the locus of attention for the world's angst about Chinese authoritarianism and ideological expansion. The situation of the Tibetans - as penned by the Dalai Lama in `Freedom in Exile' is proof positive that despite Mao's utterances that `Religion is Poison' - we are left thinking perhaps the reverse is true - `Non-Religion is Poison'.
Ironically, this is not the role to which he was born. The Dalai Lama not have mixed with ordinary people in Tibet if it had not been for the Chinese invasion. I guess this statement may never be proven true nor false as it hinges on pure speculation. In `Freedom in Exile' the Dalai Lama does allude to the need form change j-but not at the pace and form that the Chinese used. As he outlines in his autobiography, `Freedom in Exile,' on the rare occasions he left his official residence -- the cold 1,000-room Potala palace in Lhasa -- he moved past his minions on a yellow silk palanquin, pulled by 20 army officers in green cloaks and red hats and surrounded by hundreds of men: monks and musicians, sword-wielding horsemen and `porters carrying my songbirds in cages and my personal belongings all wrapped in yellow silk.' To ensure the people didn't get too near, the monastic police encircled the whole entourage. `In their hands they carried long whips, which they would not hesitate to use,' he wrote. Sad for one so attuned now to the needs of his people.
The country over which he ruled was a land of people who believed the Buddha's tenet that one's action in this life determines one's fate in the next. Since the establishment of Buddhism as Tibet's chief religion in the eighth century, parents had inculcated into their children that all life, animal and human, is sacred. `I have never seen less evidence of hatred, envy, malice and uncharitableness [than in Tibet],' penned Hugh Richardson, British India's trade consul to the remote nation in the 1940s. However, that peace in the `Rooftop of the World' was violently destroyed when in 1950, 84,000 PLA troops launched a dawn offensive against six different positions along the border. According to his account, in 1959, the Dalai Lama, by then age 24, fled for his life through the snow across 17,000-foot Himalayan passes into India in an effort to preserve his nation, his people and his heritage. Since then, he has lived in the Indian mountain village of Dharamsala, the capital of the Tibetan government-in-exile. The book is full of references to a man with a sense of purpose -- rising at 4 a.m. daily to meditate, meet with cabinet members and refugees and pursue worldly interests that include Western neurobiology and physics.

Seven Years in Tibet

Seven Years in Tibet by Heinrich Harrer: No doubt that "Seven Years in Tibet" is an intimate portrait. A careful re-read will show an almost Indiana Jones quality to the book. Despite the objections to the contrary, Heinrich Harrer is a storyteller -- and a good one. I have to admit to an almost subjective experience with the book. I found my original copy (which I gave away as a gift) in a small store in Dharamsala in India. It was a close companion and source of solace at a time and in a place that was alien to me. I am certain that Harrer felt the same way when he was interned in India in 1939. Harrer escaped only to find himself in Tibet. The narrative of the escape is the stuff of legend is revisited in detail in the book and in the movie with Brad Pitt (also available on Amazon.com). However, I do have to caution the reader -- it is a European perspective and almost flirts with a benign sense of condescension. In an odd sort of way, Harrer is almost neo-imperialist. He is a mountain climber so he is no stranger to survival and unique cultures. It is a rounded account of the Tibetans and could only be told by one who lived among them. Was he able to penetrate the veil? Only you the reader will be able to ascertain that one. Harrer has interesting impressions of both His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the Oracle. If you asked them, I am certain the story would be different. Tibetans as a people have as much right to a sense of self determination as anyone. Their cause will not be furthered by infusing a sense of noble subject or a sense of idealized Shangri-La. Thanks goodness Harrer does fall into this trap and I need to give him props for that. It is a read that I never tire of even a second or a third time.

Tibetan Portrait

Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion by Phil Borges, et al: Phil Borges presents, through the medium of photography, a project that brings attention to the situation in Tibet. Both stylish and yet sensitive, Borges uses an extensive cross section of subjects to accomplish this. He brings to the project, like I mentioned above, an extensive cross section not just of subjects but locations as well that exemplify the phenomenal complexity and diversity in that country. An example is the portrait of Yama, which caught my eye, who could be any child in any place in the world. I might be waxing "noble savage" here but does she not deserve a childhood just like any child in the globe? With text from such notables as Nobel Peace Laureates like Elie Wiesel and His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso - the book is a sure hit and a must for every home. Not to be outdone are other contributors who themselves are "heavy hitters" in the discourse of Tibet and Tibetan issues - Robert F. Thurman and the late Galen Rowell. Phil Borges presents us with nothing less than a tour de force of visual stimulation coupled with profound text and a stylish presentation. A keeper that will stand the test of time.
Lost Horizon
Lost Horizon by James Hilton: The myth of Shangri-La, as created by James Hilton in his classic book "Lost Horizon", is an example of one simplistic myth. Hilton's Shangri-La is a utopia that is idyllic: peaceful, serene and the people - subservient. The irony of Hilton's Shangri-La is that it is not only a simplistic but also a false representation of Tibet. Although Hilton does not say it directly, all the symbols point to a literary construction of a mountain city/country run by a high priest - a french one at that. The myth of Shangri-La does not reflect the authentic narrative of Tibet. I praise Hilton for his literary style and his imaginative spirit. I highly recommend this book but keep in mind that it is part and parcel of a dangerous and overly simplistic mechanism of what Edward Said coined as "Orientalism". Read it for all it is worth then pick up "In Exile from the Lands of Snows" by John F. Avedon and judge for yourself.



They Are Still Serving Rice in Tibet: Khyentse Norbu's Phörpa or The Cup is going to be difficult to sell in the US because it deal with two subjects that a US audience is not particularly interested in - Tibet and Soccer. In short, (on the surface) the story is about two young boys who escape from Tibet, land in a Bhutanese monastery, join up with other more established monks in waiting who are crazy about soccer, have an adventure and live happily ever after. Sure it is all this - but it is much more. Phörpa calls us to question some very fundamental issues that continue to haunt us - a nation's and a people's right to free expression in the guise of a bunch of everyday kids who just want to watch Soccer.
With regards to Soccer, I for one did not care whether Norbu's creatively use and re-sequenced the games played in the World Cup - who cares. Phörpa uses the World Cup as a metaphor or as a symbol for the potential unity of people from different countries or backgrounds. The World Cup is one thing that the majority of the world can agree to watch together, even though, ironically, the event itself is competitive - we hear the almost pastoral utterance "Two civilized nations fight over a ball." One thing watching Phörpa does prove is that even if we are all like crayons - some are sharp, some are pretty and some are dull; some have weird names, and all are different colors, but they all have to live in the same box - in other words the more we seem to differ - the more we are actually the same - proven by the unifying image of the World Cup.
On the subject of Tibet, several items came to presence for me. One of the items that hit me like a sledgehammer was Geko's transformation. Such transformations are a testimony to the ever elastic culture of Tibet.
The film takes yet another sub two pronged approach - a human level and a political level - the two may be mutually independent but are nonetheless intrinsically intertwined. On the human aspect - the monks are very similar to people who regularly go to movies. I have to agree with most that Phörpa is one of the most subtle political films ever made despite sometimes not so subtle inclusion of such lines as "Chinese are still serving rice in Tibet."
Many youngsters in the present day will without a doubt gain from seeing this unsanitized view of Tibetans in exile. The hope is that said youngsters will better comprehend a people with a dissimilar cultural and epistemological basis than their own. Moreover, the youth of today will learn to "give props," revere and acknowledge the difficulties other peoples experience - in other words they will learn - compassion. Lastly, despite the successes of western "progress" the west is certainly not the only model worth emulating and that such things as differences within a cultured space matter. In the end, people decide in their own countries what form liberal democracy takes within their specific cultural context. Bravo Khyentse Norbu and Tashi Delek!

Tibet - Cry of the Snow Lion: Tibet: Cry of the Snow Lion is an astonishing documentary concerning the near-destruction of Tibetan culture, the suffering of the people, and the will to survive. Director and cinematographer Tom Peosay should be applauded for his efforts and results - he has created an amazing pedagogical tool.
Sections of the documentary draw our attention to the plight of the Tibetan people and their ongoing struggles under Chinese Communist oppression. According to Robert Thurman, pre-occupation Tibet was a Buddhist theocracy, a country that invested 85% of its national budget to support monastic universities. Once again, to borrow from Thurman, it would be the equivalent to the entire U.S. defense budget going into education so as to develop "enlightened people." According to this documentary, because the monasteries also controlled the land, when the Chinese "liberated" Tibet, the religious sector was marked for destruction. The wicked opening sequence uses exceptional archival and undercover footage covering the Lhasa demonstrations of 1987. In this same incident, Jampa Tenzin was severely burned while attempting to rescue monks from a burning police station where they were being held. Ironically, although he was hailed as a hero for his courage the time, he was eventually detained by the Chinese, tortured, and finally killed.
As the documentary shows, the Dalai Lama is still the most credible spokesperson for the suffering of his people. Continuously, the Dalai Lama points to the fact that he holds no hatred for the Chinese oppressors. To the contrary, he sees them as teachers who encourage him to the spiritual practice of compassion. The Dalai Lama's proposal that Tibet become a demilitarized "Zone of Peace" seems both creative and sound - but does not seem to hold much currency to the Chinese who wish to strip Tibet of its natural resources. Moreover, even if the Chinese have rebuilt several monasteries - after destroying most of them - they are constantly trying to remove any memory of the Dalai Lama.
China's latest method of stamping out Tibetan religion and culture sustained program of ethnic cleansing that includes the construction of a railroad that will speed up populating the area with ethnic Han Chinese. The documentary reveals how this demographic shift has impacted Lhasa altering the landscape with large apartment complexes, brothels, and Western style stores. For those of us who seem to plead for authentic - allow us to explain that this is not a defense of a primordial, essential, or uniquely unique Tibet. It is, however, a revolutionary disruption that is both unwelcome and unsuccessful. Cultures come and go but it is up to the participants within that culture to decide what is beneficial or not - and should never be imposed and violence I find difficult to understand despite the humanist agenda of communism. There is wrong, and there is wrong, and there is what the Chinese are doing in Tibet. For those tourists who visited Tibet and where enchanted by what seemed normal and espouse a belief that perhaps Tibetans should just follow Chinese edicts - think again - as this documentary points out, many Tibetans are unemployed and live in poverty. With their religion and culture under siege, Tibetans have little to cling to except hope that one day they will have self-determination.

Kundun

Kundun DVD ~ Tenzin Thuthob Tsarong: There is an unexpected quite dignity that surrounds "Kundun" that one would not expect from Scorsece. However, to take a risk like this, to attempt to create a piece out of something so ontologically divergent from his hard boiled hoodlum movies, Scorsece has to be recognized.
I'm certain that everything about the movie itself - has been written and talked about to death so I won't get into all that. However, the clever use of non-Hollywood actors; the imagery; the epic struggle of a coming of age of a boy, magically discovered, to grow into a man of international renown and consequence.
Over and above the cinematic triumph of the efforts of Scrosece, Matheson and Roger; little is said about the attempts by the Chinese Government to stop this movie from seeing the light of day. I guess the power of Scorsece to portray religious figures as human beings and not distant godheads was not missed on the Chinese Authorities.
Scorsece run the risk of caricaturing due to the vastness of his subject and his impact on the world - and passed with flying colors. We have to ask ourselves though, as a viewing public: Is this a form of escapism? A longing for an ontological framework so divergent from our own? We long for it despite knowing full well that we will never understand its detail without the discipline of research beyond a two hour movie. We continue to wish that a Shangri-La still exists. Scorsece's efforts to infuse a semblance of realpolitik show us no sign of Shangri-La and it is for that that I will forever remember this film.

Seven Years in Tibet

Seven Years in Tibet DVD ~ Brad Pitt: Ever since Ronald Colman raised the bar of expectation by his not so chance encounter with Shangri-La in the 1937 movie rendition of "Lost Horizon", we have been trying to find our way back. Thanks to movies like "Seven years in Tibet", we can focus on the real issues rather than paradise revisited.
With the release of the movie version of Heinrich Harrer's "Seven Years in Tibet" we are presented with a different story - one less fairly tale...Jacque Annaud's...film allows us to move away from the fantasy created by "Lost Horizon"... Annaud succeeds in bringing Tibet to life, to make it more human, more real.
As much as the story is Harrer's, it seems inevitable that the focus moves away from him and onto the Dalai Lama. The book reads like an outsider looking at things from the outside in. The focus of the book, is all Harrer. Luckily, film has an ability to visualize the books cannot ever provide - a real immediate feel. The movie is everything and it at times almost feels like it will slide into Indiana Jones. However, the power of Tibet saves it. It almost feel like Pitt and Thewlis are out of place. The real stars are the set, the landscape and the Nepalese extras. Filmed everywhere but Tibet, the film does give its western audience a real soft landing, one that they will not get with Scorsese's "Kundun"... Hollywood does need to supply a demand and we demand epic scenes, high priced talent, a sense of the exotic. As if east meets west and the fusion of the two is greater than the sum of the parts. For the attention to detail, I can't help but sing the praises. If you can stomach Pitt's fake Austrian accent, the film is a visual delight. It would be a tempting fantasy to hope that we can preserve it [...]


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